Biography: Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas, Saint, philosopher, theologian, doctor of the Church
(Angelicus Doctor), patron of Catholic universities, colleges,
and schools, b. at Rocca Secca in the Kingdom of Naples, 1225 or 1227;
d. at Fossa Nuova, 7 March, 1274.
I. Life.
The great outlines and all the important events of his life are known,
but biographers differ as to some details and dates. Death prevented
Henry Denifle from executing his project of writing a critical life of
The saint. Denifle's friend and pupil, Dominic Prümmer, O.P.,
professor of theology in the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, has
taken up the work and is publishing the "Fontes Vitae S. Thomae
Aquinatis, notis historicis et criticis illustrati"; and the first
fascicle (Toulouse, 1911) has appeared, giving the life of St. Thomas
by Peter Calo (1300) now published for the first time. From Tolomeo of
Lucca . . . we learn that at the time of the saint's death there was a
doubt about his exact age (Prümmer, op. cit., 45). The end of 1225
is usually assigned as the time of his birth. Father Prümmer, on
the authority of Calo, thinks 1227 is the more probable date (op. cit.,
28). All agree that he died in 1274.
Landulph, his father, was Count of Aquino, Theodora, his mother,
Countess of Teano. His family was related to the Emperors Henry VI and
Frederick II, and to the Kings of Aragon, Castile, and France. Calo
relates that a holy hermit foretold his career, saying to Theodora
before his birth: "He will enter the Order of Friars Preachers, and so
great will be his learning and sanctity that in his day no one will be
found to equal him" (Prümmer, op. cit., 18). At the age of five,
according to the custom of the times, he was sent to receive his first
training from the Benedictine monks of Monte Cassino. Diligent in
study, he was thus early noted as being meditative and devoted to
prayer, and his preceptor was surprised at hearing the child ask
frequently: "What is God?" About the year 1236 he was sent to the
University of Naples. Calo says that the change was made at the
instance of the Abbot of Monte Cassino, who wrote to Thomas's father
that a boy of such talents should not be left in obscurity
(Prümmcr, op. cit., 20). At Naples his preceptors were Pietro
Martini and Petrus Hibernus. The chronicler says that he soon surpassed
Martini a grammar, and he was then given over to Peter of Ireland, who
trained him in logic and the natural sciences. The customs of the times
divided the liberal arts into two courses: the Trivium, embracing
grammar, logic, and rhetoric; the Quadrivium, comprising music,
mathematics, geometry, and astronomy . . . . Thomas could repeat the
lessons with more depth and lucidity than his masters displayed. The
youth's heart had remained pure amidst the corruption with which he was
surrounded, and he resolved to embrace the religious life.
Some time between 1240 and August, 1243, he received the habit of the
Order of St. Dominic, being attracted and directed by John of St.
Julian, a noted preacher of the convent of Naples. The city wondered
that such a noble young man should don the garb of poor friar. His
mother, with mingled feelings of joy and sorrow, hastened to Naples to
see her son. The Dominicans, fearing she would take him away, sent him
to Rome, his ultimate destination being Paris or Cologne. At the
instance of Theodora, Thomas's brothers, who were soldiers under the
Emperor Frederick, captured the novice near the town of Aquapendente
and confined him in the fortress of San Giovanni at Rocca Secca. Here
he was detained nearly two years, his parents, brothers, and Sisters
endeavouring by various means to destroy his vocation. The brothers
even laid snares for his virtue, but the pure-minded novice drove the
temptress from his room with a brand which he snatched from the fire.
Towards the end of his life, St. Thomas confided to his faithful friend
and companion, Reginald of Piperno, the secret of a remarkable favour
received at this time. When the temptress had been driven from his
chamber, he knelt and most earnestly implored God to grant him
integrity of mind and body. He fell into a gentle sleep, and, as he
slept, two angels appeared to assure him that his prayer had been
heard. They then girded him about with a white girdle, saying: "We gird
thee with the girdle of perpetual virginity." And from that day forward
he never experienced the slightest motions of concupiscence.
The time spent in captivity was not lost. His mother relented somewhat,
after the first burst of anger and grief; the Dominicans were allowed
to provide him with new habits, and through the kind offices of his
sister he procured some books -- the Holy Scriptures, Aristotle's
Metaphysics, and the "Sentences" of Peter Lombard. After eighteen
months or two years spent in prison, either because his mother saw that
the hermit's prophecy would eventually be fulfilled or because his
brothers feared the threats of Innocent IV and Frederick II, he was set
at liberty, being lowered in a basket into the arms of the Dominicans,
who were delighted to find that during his captivity "he had made as
much progress as if he had been in a studium generale" (Calo,
op. cit., 24). Thomas immediately pronounced his vows, and his
superiors sent him to Rome. Innocent IV examined closely into his
motives in joining the Friars Preachers, dismissed him with a blessing,
and forbade any further interference with his vocation. John the
Teutonic, fourth master general of the order, took the young student to
Paris and, according to the majority of the saint's biographers, to
Cologne, where he arrived in 1244 or 1245, and was placed under
Albertus Magnus, the most renowned professor of the order (on
chronology of this period see Prümmer, op. cit., p.25). In the
schools Thomas's humility and taciturnity were misinterpreted as signs
of dullness, but when Albert had heard his brilliant defence of a
difficult thesis, he exclaimed: "We call this young man a dumb ox, hut
his bellowing in doctrine will one day resound throughout the
world."
In 1245 Albert was sent to Paris, and Thomas accompanied him as a
student. In 1248 both returned to Cologne. Albert had been appointed
regent of the new studium generale, erected that year by the
general chapter of the order, and Thomas was to teach under him as
Bachelor. (On the system of graduation in the thirteenth century see
Fleury, "Hist. Ecel.", diss. V.;
Touron, "Vie de S. Thomas d'Aquin" Paris, 1740, II, v; Drane,
"Christian Schools and Scholars", London, 1881, 413; Douais,
"L'organisation des études dans l'ordre des FF. Prêcheurs,
au 13ème siecle", Paris, 1884.) During his stay in Cologne,
probably in 1250, he was raised to the priesthood by Conrad of
Hochstaden, archbishop of that city. Throughout his busy life, he
frequently preached the Word of God, in Germany, France, and Italy. His
sermons were forceful, redolent of piety, full of solid instruction,
abounding in apt citations from the Scriptures (see "D. Th. Aquinatis
sermones et o
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